A. Des modèles de libéralité (8:1-9)
1. Les Macédoniens (8:1-7)
2. Jésus-Christ (8:8-9)
B. L’objectif de la libéralité (8:10-15)
C. Le processus de la libéralité (8:16-9:5)
D. Les assurances de la libéralité (9:6-15)
IV. L’apostolat de Paul (10:1-12:13)
A. L’autorité de l’apôtre (10:1-18)
B. La conduite de l’apôtre (11:1-15)
C. La souffrance de l’apôtre (11:16-33)
D. Les preuves de l’apostolat (12:1-13)
V. La visite de Paul (12:14-13:13)
A. L’attitude désintéressée de Paul (12:14-18)
B. La mise en garde de Paul (12:19-13:10)
C. La bénédiction de Paul (13:11-13)
THE SECOND EPISTLE OF PAUL TO THE CORINTHIANS
55-56 AD
This epistle is the second of the NT that the Apostle Paul wrote to the Christians in the city of Corinth
Author and date
Nobody disputes the Pauline origin of 2 Corinthians, even the critics claim that Paul is the author of this text. There is indeed no reason why a forger could have written such a personal and autobiographical epistle.
Several considerations lead to a plausible date for the writing of this letter. According to extra-biblical sources, July in the year 51 AD is the most probable date for the beginning of the proconsul Gallio (see #AC 18: 12). The trial of Paul before the proconsul in Corinth (#AC 18: 12-17) probably took place shortly after the arrival of Gallion at his post. Leaving Corinth (. Around 52 AD), the apostle sailed for Syria (#AC 18: 18), concluding his second missionary journey. Returning to Ephesus during his third missionary journey (. Probably in 52 AD), there ministered about two and a half years (#AC 19: 8, #AC 19: 10). He wrote 1 Corinthians at Ephesus near the end of this period (# 1 Corinthians 16: 8), around 55 AD. BC Since Paul had planned to stay in Ephesus until the following spring (see the mention of Pentecost # 1 Corinthians 16: 8) and since 2 Corinthians was written after his departure from Ephesus, the earliest date Probable writing of 2 Corinthians is the end of the year 55 or the beginning of the year 56 AD.
Context and background
Paul links with very important commercial city that was Corinth date from his second missionary journey (#AC 18: 1-18). He worked eighteen months (#AC 18: 11). After he left, he heard of cases of immorality in the Corinthian church and wrote a letter (since lost) to correct this sin (discussed in # 1 Corinthians 5: 9). During his ministry in Ephesus, he received a full report of the problems that had arisen in the Church of Corinth, such as divisions (# 1Co 1:11). Moreover, the Corinthians had sent a letter to Paul (# 1 Corinthians 7: 1) asking him to clarify several points. The apostle had said in the letter that bears the name of 1 Corinthians. Expecting to stay in Ephesus a little longer (# 1 Corinthians 16: 8-9), he sent Timothy to Corinth (1 Cor 4:17 #; # 1 Corinthians 16: 10-11). He learned of troubling news (maybe Timothy) and additional difficulties in Corinth, especially with the arrival of many false apostles (# 2Co 11:13).
They began by denigrating the person of Paul to facilitate the teaching of a false gospel. They had to convince the Christians to turn away from the apostle, if they wanted to succeed to preach their demonic doctrines. Temporarily abandoning the work in Ephesus, Paul immediately went to Corinth. This visit (rather painful, 2: 1) was not, from the viewpoint of the apostle, a success; someone in the Church of Corinth (perhaps one of the false apostles) had even made insulting publicly (# 2Co 2: 5-8, # 2Co 2:10; 2 Cor 7:12 # ). He was saddened by the lack of loyalty of the Corinthians, who had not taken his defense. Seeking to spare them further reprimand (see # 2Co 1:23), and perhaps hoping that time would bring them to their senses, Paul returned to Ephesus. There he wrote his so-called "severe letter" (see # 2 Corinthians 2: 4) and sent via Tite (# 2Co 7: 5-16). Leaving Ephesus after the riot caused by Demetrius (#AC 19: 23-20: 1), he went to Troas to meet Titus (# 2Co 2: 12-13). Despite the door that the Lord had opened (# 2Co 2:12; cf. # 2Co 7: 5), he could not exercise any ministry there, he was so eager to know what reception the Corinthians had reserved his letter. Thus he went in search of Titus in Macedonia (# 2Co 2:13). The latter assured him the majority of the Corinthians had repented of their rebellion (# 2Co 7: 7), to the great joy and deep relief Paul. Wise enough to know that some rebellious attitudes were ready to re-emerge, the apostle wrote the letter known as 2 Corinthians (perhaps Philippi; see # 2 Corinthians 11: 9 with 4:15 #Ph, there are also manuscripts ancient Philippi that mention as the city of origin of this writing). In this epistle, the apostle Paul expresses certainly his relief and joy facing the repentance of the Corinthians, but he especially wants to defend his apostolate, exhorting believers to resume their preparations for the collection for the poor of Jerusalem (ch . # 2 Corinthians 8: 1-9: 2) and to address directly the false apostles (ch # 2 Cor. 10: 1-13: 2). He would then come to Corinth, as he had announced (# 2Co 12:14; # 2Co 13: 1-2). Corinthians participation in the offering for the Church of Jerusalem (#Ro 15: 26) shows the success of this third visit of Paul home.
Historical and theological themes
2 Corinthians complete our vision of Paul's relationship with the Church of Corinth, such as it is described in Acts and 1 Corinthians. It also contains significant biographical information on the apostle.
Very personal, tinged by the intensity of the conflict on the credibility of its author, 2 Corinthians still contains less several important theological themes. It depicts God as a Father and a comforter filled with mercy (# 2Co 1: 3; # 2 Corinthians 7: 6), as the Creator (# 2Co 4: 6), He who raised Jesus from the dead (# 2Co 4:14; cf. # 2Co 13: 4) and will resurrect the believers (# 2Co 1: 9). It presents Jesus Christ as the one who has suffered (# 2Co 1: 5), fulfilling the promises of God (# 2Co 1:20), as the Lord proclaims that one (# 2Co 4: 5), who has manifest the glory of God (# 2Co 4: 6) and who became poor for believers in his incarnation (# 2Co 8: 9; cf. #Ph 2: 5-8). It depicts the Holy Spirit as God (# 2Co 3: 17-18) and the guarantee of the salvation of believers (# 2Co 1:22; # 2Co 5: 5). Satan is identified as the "god of this world" (# 2Co 4: 4; cf. 1 Jn 5:19 #), the seducer (# 2Co 11:14), and the master deceitful workers, be they human or Angelic (# 2Co 11: 13-15). The end of time includes both the glorification of the believer (# 2Co 4: 16-5: 8) and judgment (# 2Co 5:10). The glorious truth of God's sovereignty in salvation is the theme 5: 14-21, while 7: 9-10 describes the response that man must give to God's offer of salvation: a genuine repentance. 2 Corinthians book also the clearest and most succinct summary of all the scriptures related to the Atonement of Christ (# 2Co 5:21; cf. #Esa 53) and defines the mission of the Church as consisting of the proclamation of the message of reconciliation (# 2Co 5: 18-20). Finally, after the Hebrews, is this letter that describes more fully that the nature of the new covenant (# 2Co 3: 6-16).
Questions of Interpretation
The main challenge facing the interpreter is the relationship of c. # 2 Corinthians 10: 1-13: 2 with c. # 2 Corinthians 1: 1-9: 2. The identity of the opponents of Paul in Corinth has prompted various interpretations, as the identity of the brother who accompanied Titus in this city (# 2Co 8:18, 2Co 8:22 #). It is impossible to know if the sinner mentioned # 2 Corinthians 2: 5-8 is the incestuous man # 1 Corinthians 5. It is also difficult to explain the experience of Paul (# 2Co 12: 1-5) and identify precisely his "thorn in the flesh", the "messenger of Satan" sent to buffet (# 2Co 12: 7). These problems of interpretation, as well as others, will be discussed in the notes to the relevant passages.
Blueprint
I. Greetings from Paul (1: 1-11)
II. Ministry of Paul (1: 12-7: 16)
A. Paul plans (1: 12-2: 4)
B. The judgment of the sinner (2: 5-11)
C. The lack of Titus (2: 12-13)
D. The nature of Paul's ministry (2: 14-6: 10)
1. The triumph of the Ministry (2: 14-17)
2. Evidence of the Ministry (3: 1-6)
3. The base of the ministry (3: 7-18)
4. The theme of the ministry (4: 1-7)
5. The challenges of the ministry (4: 8-18)
6. What motivates ministry (5: 1-10)
7. The message of the ministry (5: 11-21)
8. The conduct of the ministry (6: 1-10)
E. The exhortation to the Corinthians (6: 11-7: 16)
1. Opening of the heart toward Paul (6: 11-13)
2. Separation from non-believers (6: 14-7: 1)
3. Certainty of the love of Paul (7: 2-16)
III. The collection made by Paul (8: 1-9: 15)
A. concessionary models (8: 1-9)
1. The Macedonians (8: 1-7)
2. Jesus Christ (8: 8-9)
B. The objective of liberality (8: 10-15)
C. The process of liberality (8: 16-9: 5)
D. Insurance liberality (9: 6-15)
IV. Paul's apostleship (10: 1-12: 13)
A. The authority of the apostle (10: 1-18)
B. The conduct of the apostle (11: 1-15)
C. The suffering of the apostle (11: 16-33)
D. The evidence of apostleship (12: 1-13)
V. The visit of Paul (12: 14-13: 13)
A. disinterested attitude of Paul (12: 14-18)
B. The implementation guard Paul (12: 19-13: 10)
C. Paul's blessing (13: 11-13)